📌 Exponential growth = J-shaped curve (slow start, rapid increase)
Linear growth = straight line (constant rate)
Graph A shows exponential growth.

📌 Independent variable = what you change (light)
Dependent variable = what you measure (plant height)
Control group = no light (to compare against)
Constants = same soil, water, temperature, pot size

📌 This is the classic peppered moth example of natural selection.
Before pollution: light bark → light moths camouflaged → survived
After pollution: dark bark → dark moths camouflaged → survived
The environment selected for the trait that provided camouflage.

📌 NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers. They transport high-energy electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the ETC.

📌 Conditions: no mutation, no migration, random mating, large population, no natural selection.
Any violation → evolution occurs.

📌 A scientific theory is well-tested, widely accepted, and explains a broad range of observations.
It is NOT just a guess — that's a hypothesis.

📌 DNA replication occurs during S phase (Synthesis) of interphase.
Interphase: G1 → S → G2, then Mitosis.

📌 Organelle X has the bean-shaped structure with inner folds (cristae) → Mitochondria
Mitochondria = powerhouse of the cell = produces ATP through cellular respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

The nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine) is the part of a DNA nucleotide that varies — its sequence along the strand IS the genetic code. The phosphate and deoxyribose sugar are identical in every nucleotide and form the structural 'backbone' of the DNA strand; they don't store information. Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together at the bases but are not part of a single nucleotide.